Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). GAS6 is secreted by leucocytes and endothelial cells in response to injury and helps in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and adhesion. The FNB did not establish ULs for vitamin K because of its low potential for toxicity [ 3]. In its report, the FNB stated that "no adverse effects associated with vitamin K consumption from food or supplements have been reported in humans or animals." Interactions with Medications People who take blood thinners should talk with their healthcare provider before increasing their intake of vitamin K1 or vitamin K2. Shea MK, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM, et al. Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1799-807. [ PubMed abstract]

Variations in biosynthetic pathways mean that bacteria also produce analogues of Vitamin K 2. For example, MK9 (II-H), which replaces the second geranylgeranyl unit with a saturated phytyl, is produced by Mycobacterium phlei. There also exists a possibility of cis–trans isomerism due to the double bonds present. In M. phlei, the 3'-methyl- cis MK9 (II-H) form seems to be more biologically active than trans MK9 (II-H). [35] However, with human enzymes, the naturally abundant trans form is more efficient. [36] suppresses osteoclastogenesis by antagonizing NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep;355(1-2):179-86. Comparing the left (normal) and right (osteoporosis) images, the increase in dark areas involving this cross-section of the femur are simplified visual depictions of the increase in bone marrow fat, and thinning (decrease) in cancellous/ trabecular bone, that occur with osteoporosis. Wallace TC, McBurney M, Fulgoni VL, 3rd. Multivitamin/mineral supplement contribution to micronutrient intakes in the United States, 2007-2010. J Am Coll Nutr 2014;33:94-102. [ PubMed abstract]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Tsukamoto Y, Ichise H, Kakuda H, Yamaguchi M (2000). "Intake of fermented soybean (natto) increases circulating vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) and gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration in normal individuals". Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 18 (4): 216–22. doi: 10.1007/s007740070023. PMID 10874601. S2CID 24024697. Vitamin K can have a serious and potentially dangerous interaction with anticoagulants such as warfarin (Coumadin) as well as phenprocoumon, acenocoumarol, and tioclomarol, which are commonly used in some European countries [ 7, 8]. These drugs antagonize the activity of vitamin K, leading to the depletion of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. People taking warfarin and similar anticoagulants need to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K from food and supplements because sudden changes in vitamin K intakes can increase or decrease the anticoagulant effect [ 45]. Antibiotics

overtakes osteo blast activity. Bone is broken down faster than new bone is built up. Bone density drops and osteopenia and osteoporosis result. This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA Elder SJ, Haytowitz DB, Howe J, Peterson JW, Booth SL. Vitamin K contents of meat, dairy, and fast food in the U.S. Diet. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:463-7. [ PubMed abstract] a b c Vermeer, Cees; Raes, Joyce; van 't Hoofd, Cynthia; Knapen, Marjo H. J.; Xanthoulea, Sofia (2018). "Menaquinone Content of Cheese". Nutrients. 10 (4): 446. doi: 10.3390/nu10040446. PMC 5946231. PMID 29617314.

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Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyak K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood 2007;109:3279-83. [ PubMed abstract] In Japan and other parts of Asia, a pharmacological dose of MK-4 (45 mg) is used as a treatment for osteoporosis [ 5]. The European Food Safety Authority has approved a health claim for vitamin K, noting that "a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of vitamin K and the maintenance of normal bone" [ 39]. FDA has not authorized a health claim for vitamin K in the United States. Coronary heart disease Coagulation factors ( II, VII, IX, X), as well as anticoagulation proteins ( C, S, Z). These Gla-proteins are synthesized in the liver and play an important role in blood homeostasis. Japanese doctors have long been prescribing much higher doses of a specific form of vitamin K2 as a treatment for osteoporosis. 3